建筑師應(yīng)當(dāng)知道的8種環(huán)保材料
8 (New) Energy Efficient Materials Architects Should Know

由專筑網(wǎng)李韌，楊帆編譯

無(wú)論建筑師是否能夠完成2030年建筑挑戰(zhàn)，亦或是追求自己的節(jié)能目標(biāo)，他們都應(yīng)該在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中充分考慮限制碳排放量，來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)不斷變化的氣候環(huán)境。

為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)，市面上出現(xiàn)了越來(lái)越多的創(chuàng)新材料，建筑師們將這些材料運(yùn)用于建筑中進(jìn)行推廣。從先進(jìn)的絕緣泡沫板到多層覆板技術(shù)，新一代的高性能材料將有助于加速建筑節(jié)能的發(fā)展。

下面讓我們來(lái)具體了解一下這些高性能的建筑材料。

Whether architects are trying to meet the Architecture 2030 Challenge or pursuing their own mission to save energy, they have an opportunity to design buildings that can limit carbon emissions and be resilient against changing climate conditions.
To help architects meet their goals, a new wave of chemistry and material science is bringing innovative materials and building systems to the marketplace. From advanced insulation foams to multiwall cladding, this next generation of high-performing materials will help accelerate energy-efficient design.
Learn more about some of the high performing materials of today and tomorrow.

Image Courtesy of 3M

1、結(jié)合納米技術(shù)的智能窗口

普林斯頓大學(xué)研究者表明，未來(lái)的智能窗口能夠有效節(jié)省大約40%的能源消耗。研究者甚至開發(fā)出一種全新的智能窗口技術(shù)，它能夠有效控制進(jìn)入建筑的光和熱，并自身通過(guò)太陽(yáng)能電池供電，這種技術(shù)將運(yùn)用于玻璃薄膜之中。另外，研究者正在開發(fā)一種更加靈活的應(yīng)用模式，使它能夠更加普遍地推廣。通過(guò)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，業(yè)主和項(xiàng)目管理人員能夠通過(guò)手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)進(jìn)入室內(nèi)的光通量，最終達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的目的。

1. Smarter windows power up with nanotechnology
Princeton University researchers predict that futuristic smart windows could save up to 40 percent in energy costs. The researchers developed a new type of smart window that controls the amount of light and heat entering the building and is self-powered by transparent solar cells in the window itself. The technology is deposited on a glass as a thin film, and the researchers are working to develop a flexible version that could be easily applied to existing windows. Eventually, homeowners and building managers could use an app on their phone to adjust the amount of sunlight passing through a window throughout the day to help save on heating and cooling costs.

Image Courtesy of Hexion

2、達(dá)到新高度的工程木材

在運(yùn)用混合木材之前，建筑中常常運(yùn)用的是高大的彎曲橫梁。交叉層壓木材面板（CLT）作為一種新型材料，可以很好地實(shí)現(xiàn)這些設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)。相比起傳統(tǒng)木材，CLT具有多項(xiàng)能源優(yōu)勢(shì)，它的跨度能夠達(dá)到10英尺（約3米），長(zhǎng)度達(dá)40英尺（約12米），厚度甚至能夠超過(guò)1英尺（約0.3米）。這種材料的木質(zhì)纖維可以使木材更加得堅(jiān)韌，其程度甚至能超過(guò)可回收塑料。另外，在其外部增加塑料層可以讓木材保存得更加長(zhǎng)久。研究得出，若是將一棵樹制作成傳統(tǒng)木材，這棵樹的使用率只能達(dá)到63%，但制成復(fù)合板材，其使用率能高達(dá)95%。

2. Engineered wood products reach new heights
Think impressive, dramatic curving beams in homes and taller-than-ever before mixed wood buildings. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are a relatively new material for architects that can be used to help meet these design goals. CLT offers certain advantages in terms of energy efficiency when compared to wood. CLT can also be made in dimensions up to 10 feet wide, 40 feet long and more than a foot thick. With engineered wood products, the wood fibers reinforce the lumber, making it potentially stronger than 100 percent recycled plastic. Furthermore, plastic functions as an outside barrier protecting the wood from rotting. Compared to only approximately 63 percent of a tree that can be used in solid lumber, composite panels can allow for more than 95 percent of the tree to be used.

Image Courtesy of BASF

3、結(jié)構(gòu)絕緣板（SIPs）

結(jié)構(gòu)絕緣板（SIPs）的主要成分是泡沫和定向刨花板（OSB），相比起其他建筑結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)，這種材料所消耗的能源非常少。建筑專業(yè)人員甚至已經(jīng)將SIPs用作一種常規(guī)的節(jié)能材料，進(jìn)一步提高整個(gè)建筑圍護(hù)層的絕緣性能。例如，一些制造商通過(guò)絕緣石墨聚苯乙烯（GPS）來(lái)生產(chǎn)這種材料，讓其具有獨(dú)特的灰色，還能夠有效提升面板的R值。在一些情況下，建筑專業(yè)人員和建筑師們甚至可以指定更薄的面板，來(lái)滿足不同的能耗需求。SIPs能夠滿足建筑LEED白金認(rèn)證和被動(dòng)式建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

3. Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) go gray
The major components of SIPs, foam and oriented strand board (OSB), take less energy and raw materials to produce than other structural building systems. And while building professionals already rely on SIPs for energy efficiency, new advances in the panels will further enhance insulation throughout a building envelope. For example, some manufacturers are now producing panels with graphite polystyrene (GPS) insulation, easily recognized by its gray color, and which helps boost the panel’s R-values even higher—sometimes more than 20 percent higher. In some cases, building professionals and architects can specify thinner panels while still meeting energy code requirements. SIPs may also aid architects in achieving LEED Platinum certification and Passive House standards.  

Image Courtesy of Dow Corning

4、為迷你住宅帶來(lái)巨大優(yōu)勢(shì)的真空保溫板（VIP）

當(dāng)前趨勢(shì)表明，美國(guó)許多的住宅規(guī)模越來(lái)越迷你，而真空保溫板（VIPs）能夠有效地節(jié)省空間。VIPs包含有密閉的多孔材料，空氣被儲(chǔ)存在這些密閉空間里，然后通過(guò)抽至真空將其封閉。其內(nèi)部材料能夠有效地保護(hù)這種保溫面板，以免它在抽真空的過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生裂痕。加拿大國(guó)家研究委員會(huì)（NRC）曾經(jīng)對(duì)這種材料進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)達(dá)5年的監(jiān)控與分析，最后得出結(jié)論，這種VIPs材料能夠在長(zhǎng)達(dá)30年的時(shí)間里保存大約80%的熱能。

4. Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) provide benefits to smaller homes and tiny houses
Trends are showing that U.S. homes are getting smaller and VIPs can offer one effective and space-saving solution for insulation. VIPs comprise a porous core material encased in an airtight envelope. The air trapped in these layers is evacuated and the envelope is then heat-sealed. The core material prevents the insulation panels from crumbling when air is removed. The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) has monitored and analyzed these roofing insulation panels for five years at the NRC facility, finding that some VIPs are predicted to maintain more than 80 percent of its thermal performance after 30 years.

Image Courtesy of SABIC

5、采光技術(shù)的有效提高

墻面覆蓋層是建筑表現(xiàn)的重要組成部分，同時(shí)建筑熱橋也是造成建筑能源損耗的一大主要因素。為了滿足日間的采光需求和能源效率，例如，在半透明墻體和新型多覆層墻體系統(tǒng)中可以運(yùn)用填充有納米凝膠的聚碳酸酯面板。另外，用于制作聚碳酸酯面板的能源消耗只是制作玻璃的一小部分。聚碳酸酯面板的耐沖擊性能甚至比玻璃多約250次，其測(cè)試耐受溫度的范圍是-40℃至120℃（-40℉至240℉），因此它能夠承受諸多例如暴風(fēng)雨、暴風(fēng)雪、冰雹等極端天氣。聚碳酸酯面板主要運(yùn)用了絕緣納米凝膠，再結(jié)合其他材料聚合而成，相比起傳統(tǒng)的單層玻璃，這種面板能夠節(jié)約大概50%的能源。

5. Daylighting gets an efficiency boost
Wall cladding is an important part of a building’s visual impact and also its environmental footprint—thermal bridging is one of the primary causes of energy loss in a building. To achieve both daylighting needs and energy efficiency, for instance, nanogel-filled polycarbonate sheets can be used on translucent walls and ceilings in a new type of multiwall system. Additionally, the energy used to extrude polycarbonate sheets is generally a fraction of that to manufacture glass. Polycarbonate sheets are also durable—250 times more impact-resistant than glass and virtually unbreakable; they are tested to perform from ?40 to 120 C (?40 to 240 F) and can withstand more extreme weather such as windstorms, hail, or snowstorms. The insulating nanogel that is used to fill the polycarbonate sheets consists of synthetic polymers or biopolymers that are chemically or physically crosslinked to aid in energy efficiency, which may give a building up to 50 percent energy savings compared to monolayer glass.

Image Courtesy of Covestro

6、新一代節(jié)能墻板

建造一座新建筑需要大量的材料，其中許多材料的使用率都不高，那么必定會(huì)有廢物產(chǎn)生。新一代墻體框架面板很好地解決了這個(gè)問題，相比起傳統(tǒng)的木材框架，這些墻體面板能夠減少大約40%的木質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，并且減少98%的廢棄物。這種新型預(yù)制墻體由外部聚異氰脲酯絕緣板和墻壁內(nèi)部的噴涂聚氨酯泡沫（SPF）組成，這兩種材料都可以通過(guò)拼板裝置安裝完成。有著絕緣接頭的絕緣板也具有抗風(fēng)化的作用，這使得建筑不需要額外的外部覆層。

6. Next-generation wall panels save energy
Building new homes requires a multitude of materials, many of which will not be completely used, and will require waste disposal. A new generation of panels for component-framed homes potentially offers an example of a more energy efficient solution. These panel alternatives may require 40 percent less wood product than stick-framing and can potentially generate 98 percent less waste. This new type of panelized wall replaces traditional exterior sheathing with a combination of polyisocyanurate (polyiso) continuous insulation on the exterior and spray polyurethane foam (SPF) in the wall cavity, both of which are installed at an offsite panelization facility. The continuous insulation, with taped joints, also functions as a weather-resistant barrier, which can eliminate the need for certain materials like house wrap.

Image Courtesy of Sika

7、綠色屋頂

許多建筑師都了解綠植屋面系統(tǒng)能夠減少建筑雨水的流失，緩解城市下水道系統(tǒng)的壓力，并減少城市河流的污染。那么這種屋面系統(tǒng)是否能夠延長(zhǎng)屋面的使用壽命、提升能源效率呢？綠色屋面系統(tǒng)運(yùn)用的是PVC防水膜，可以為建筑抵擋部分紫外線輻射和過(guò)度的太陽(yáng)直射，因?yàn)檫@些高溫因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致屋面的膨脹或收縮。根據(jù)“建筑設(shè)計(jì)指南”上的說(shuō)明，現(xiàn)存的綠色屋頂已經(jīng)有約30年的使用歷史。一個(gè)大型城市綠植屋面能夠?yàn)槌鞘杏行婢?7000加侖（約64352升）的暴雨降水量，或者是1819000加侖（約6885664升）的常規(guī)降雨量。這些雨水可以用于植物的澆灌，從而減少50%的額外人工澆灌量。

7. Vegetative roofing systems (also known as “green” roofs) offer long-term resilience
Many architects are aware that vegetative roofing systems can keep water out of a building, reduce stormwater run-off, reduce stress on urban sewer systems and decrease run-off related pollution in waterways. Perhaps what is less widely known is how certain systems can extend a roof’s longevity and in turn, increase energy efficiency year after year. How? Waterproofing membranes used in green roofing systems incorporate PVC material science shielding a roof from the effects of ultraviolet rays and temperature extremes that normally cause a roof system to contract and expand. Many of these green roofs have now been in place for more than 30 years, according to Whole Building Design Guide. A new large, urban vegetative roof can potentially capture up to 17,000 gallons of stormwater per storm event, or 1,819,000 gallons annually. The rainwater captured can then be used to water the plants, reducing irrigation needs by up to 50 percent.

Image Courtesy of TuDelft and the Spong3d project

8、提升熱學(xué)性能的新型3D打印技術(shù)

不久前，建筑外部元素實(shí)現(xiàn)了通過(guò)大型3D打印技術(shù)來(lái)打印完成。荷蘭研究人員近期測(cè)試了一種猜想，使用3D立面打印系統(tǒng)來(lái)優(yōu)化建筑的熱學(xué)性能。該系統(tǒng)名為“Spong3D”，有著輕盈的建筑品質(zhì)。研究者認(rèn)為，配合全年不同的氣候環(huán)境，這種新材料集合了多種優(yōu)化熱學(xué)性能的功能。其工作原理是將空氣密閉空間結(jié)合外部熱隔絕通道，從而存儲(chǔ)更多的移動(dòng)熱量。雖然目前還處于概念階段，但Spong3D系統(tǒng)仍具有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能。

越來(lái)越多的建筑師在為節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)而努力著，化學(xué)制造工業(yè)的研究者們也將持續(xù)對(duì)高性能材料進(jìn)行深入研究。

8. Innovative 3D printing improves thermal performance
One day soon, elements of building exteriors could be printed by large-scale 3D printers to maximize efficiency. Dutch researchers recently tested this idea; using a 3D printed fa?ade system to optimize a building’s thermal performance. This system is known as Spong3D, and it is stiff, yet lightweight. The researchers believe the new material integrates multiple functions to optimize thermal performance according to different climate conditions throughout the year. It works by integrating air cavities for thermal insulation and channels in the outer surfaces of the facade that store movable thermal mass. Spong3D is in the stage of proof of concept and the research is promising.
As architects strive for a more energy-efficient future, the chemical manufacturing industry will continue to innovate high-performing materials to meet demand. To learn more about how chemistry contributes to innovative materials, visit the American Chemistry Council website.


關(guān)于作者

Todd Sims是美國(guó)化學(xué)委員會(huì)（American Chemistry Council ，簡(jiǎn)稱ACC）的主要負(fù)責(zé)人員，他負(fù)責(zé)管理建筑與建造部門的外聯(lián)工作，從而建造出安全、高效、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的建筑。同時(shí)他也是高性能建筑核心小組（High-performance Building Caucus）的主要成員，Sims曾經(jīng)在市場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)型研究所（Institute for Market Transformation，簡(jiǎn)稱IMT）任職，在那里他開發(fā)了多項(xiàng)建筑節(jié)能策略，同時(shí)他也是56位州長(zhǎng)任命的代表人，負(fù)責(zé)建筑能耗的相關(guān)事宜。如果想要聯(lián)系Sims，可以發(fā)送郵件至todd_sims@americanchemistry.com。

About the Author
Todd Sims is the director of value chain outreach at the American Chemistry Council (ACC), where he manages outreach to the building and construction sector in support of safe, efficient, sustainable, and resilient buildings. An active member of the High-performance Building Caucus, Sims worked previously at the Institute for Market Transformation (IMT), where he developed building energy policies; he also represented the 56 governor-designated state energy officers’ interests in all matters of building energy policies before the federal government, industry stakeholders, and the utility sector at the National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO). Sims can be reached via e-mail at todd_sims@americanchemistry.com.

（轉(zhuǎn)載自專筑網(wǎng)）

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